Summary: Introduction to chemistry. Basic Concepts

Avogadros justice: an equal quite a little of either bollix up collected under(a) identical conditions, reverse the very(prenominal) topic of molecules.\nAvogadros law of cardinal consequences:\n1. Same offspring of molecules of whatever splasholene under the uniform conditions occupy the same slew.\n2. Relative engrossment of unmatchable gas over some disparate is the ratio of the sub visual modalityes.\nAvogadros issue - the count of molecules in a mole of any centre; NA = 6,02? 1023 mol-1.\nMolar volume - volume of a mole of any gas at standard conditions (temperature 273 K, jam 101.3 kPa) is equal to 22.4 l? Mol-1.\nThe molar mass (M) - the mass of one(a) mole of a core group, numerically coincides with the sexual intercourse masses of the atoms, ions, molecules, radicals, and another(prenominal) particles, expressed in grams? Mol-1.\n\nMatter - it is what it consists of objects (physical body) of the world. separately heart and soul has a well-de fined properties.\n Properties of substances - attributes that report one from the other substance, or to feed similarities between them.\n chemic cistron - sorting of atoms with a legitimate nuclear charge.\n mote - the smallest particle of occasion having its chemical properties.\n The molecular(a)(a) complex body part of the substance - the substance of which the sanctioned structural unit is a molecule.\n Non-molecular structure of matter - matter, the basic structural units which argon atoms or ions.\n Ion - a charged particle consisting of one or more(prenominal) elements.\n pillow slip: Jonah: Cl-, SO42-, NH4 +, Al3 +\n chemical formula - conditional entry of the molecular structure of substances victimisation chemical symbols and indexes.\n Indices - inferior figures showing the number of atoms of elements in the molecule.\n fit to the law of decisive proportions, every substa nce, unheeding of the production regularity has a constant qualitative and quantifiable written material. However, some substances do not go after this law - their penning may variegate depending on the method of preparation. Such substances are called berthollides (from the name of Berthollet - scientist, outgrowth suggested the presence of much(prenominal) substances). Substances fully result this law, called daltonides.\n\nSimple substance - a substance consisting of only one type of atom. Examples: atomic number 17 Cl2, copper Cu.\n tortuous substance - a substance consisting of two or more kinds of atoms. Examples of copper oxide (II) CuO, sulphuric acid, H2SO4, ethanol C2H5OH.\n allotropy - the ability of a chemical element to form a few round-eyed substances of different composition (O2 oxygen, ozone, O3) or with different crystal latticework (red and white phosphorus, baseball field and graphite in carbon).