Spyware on Children’s Computers; Regorian Rhetoric

Parents as Undercover Cops Spyware is any technology that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge. On the internet, spyware is programming that is put in someone’s computer to secretly gather information about the user and relay it to advertisers or other interested parties. In this case, the ‘other interested parties’ are parents. Parents are becoming more and more protective of their kids. Many are now becoming open to the idea of putting spyware on their children’s computers when previously that was unthought-of.No matter what ones particular outlook on this subject is, there are pros and cons of each side, and most seem to lean largely on one side or the other, as opposed to being more in the middle. There are many harmful traps on the internet, but does that justify tracking children’s every keystroke on their computer? Harlan Coben believes spyware is more than justified. In Coben’s article, à ¢â‚¬Å"The Undercover Parent,† Coben states that parents are overprotective of their kids in many other aspects, such as knowing their passwords to their phones, supervising them at all events, and so on.So why give them their independence when it comes to the internet? I understand what he means and even agree with his reasoning in some ways. Coben says that the ones doing the surveillance are not some government officials; they are loving parents trying to protect their offspring. This argument is valid because it shows that the parents who choose to put the software in computers are really just trying to keep their kids best interest in mind, and those who compare it to being surveyed by a government agency or something of the like is ludicrous.Some children are at risk of being harmed through the internet, and do require that surveillance. The children that are unknowingly communicating with a pedophile, or the â€Å"43% of teens [that] have been victims of cyber bullying in the last year,† could have had a possibility of being helped if their parents had spyware software downloaded onto their computer. (Stop Cyber Bullying Before it Start’s) Of course, ‘what-if’s’ are always going to be asked, and there is no way that spyware can solve these problems fully. Pedophilia and cyber bullying are both serious issues and need to be stopped.Yes, spyware could help the problem. Yes, spyware could alert or notify a parent if one of these two activities is going on, which could be extremely beneficial. I agree that spyware should be used in these very specific situations. Coben also believes that having this program reinforces to children the fact that the internet is not a haven of privacy. In an academic journal article regarding Facebook, a website that many children and teens are using, it is written that â€Å"We need to teach them that NOTHING IS PRIVATE online, especially their social networks† (Fodeman).All child ren need to understand and acknowledge that the internet is not private, but even more so those who use social networking, because once something is typed and sent, uploaded, or anything, it can never be taken back or deleted. Sure you can remove certain things, but somewhere it is still out there, and it can be retrieved if deemed necessary. Everyone has access to posts online, and if the reason they are not misusing the internet is because of their fear of the spyware, then so be it.There is a fine line between being responsibly protective and irresponsibly nosy, Coben argues. If a parent is going to have spyware on their children’s computer, they need to be doing so for the correct reasons. Doing so because there is a harmful behavior being engaged without another way to stop it is sufficient enough of reasoning. However, trying to be filled in on the latest gossip and happenings in the child’s life is not going to cut it. Parents are supposed to be responsible and looking out for harmful and negative behaviors.They should not be abusing their powers or the tools given to them to help ensure their loved child’s online safety and protection. I do tend to agree with the various arguments that Coben uses to validate his claims, yet I have two different opinions on the use of spyware technololgy. If ones child is dishonest, engaging in suspicious or risky behavior, install the spyware. If a parent has real evidence that their child is harming him or herself, then the parent has a responsibility to help and protect the child even though their child may not want the watchful eye.It is more than fair for parents whose children have engaged in some kind of dangerous behavior, to tell them â€Å"If you don’t meet your responsibilities to take care of yourself and to stay safe, then I’m going to take whatever steps necessary. If that means looking in your room, looking in your drawers and looking on your computer, that’s exa ctly what I’m prepared to do† (Lehman). That way the child will know there is a possibility of a spyware being put on their computer and are not caught off guard if something from the spywares report were to be brought up in the future.The safety of one’s children should be number one on the parents list and they need to be able to do what is deemed necessary in order to protect. Reading emails, having the knowledge of what they search for online, and seeing all of their communications may be necessary for certain situations. The situations where spyware should be put on children’s computers are only in extreme cases of dishonesty, incriminating behavior, or suspicious activities. Spyware may not be the most effective way to protect children, but in such cases the spyware could definitely help the situation.Besides extreme cases, ultimately parents having spyware on their children’s electronic devices without their knowledge are more harmful than be neficial. A survey conducted of undergraduate students in the United States showed that â€Å"64% indicated they strongly disagreed with the statement that ‘spyware is more beneficial than harmful. ’†(Freeman) The main reason putting spyware on a child’s computer that has done nothing wrong is harmful, is because the relationship between parent and child will most likely be impacted negatively when the child figures out there is spyware on their computer.If parents have children that meet their curfew, take care of their responsibilities, and the like, there is no reason to snoop on them. Good behavior should be rewarded, and telling your child that the lack of interference in her personal space is a direct result of her good behavior reinforces the trust given to that child. Spyware does not aide in creating independence or individuation. A goal of parenting should be to raise a young adult who can make independent decisions and who can have a life of the ir own. Teenagers are always trying to be individuals and want more independence.Part of having a life of their own is having a space of their own. When parents spy on their responsible child, the message they are sending is that even though the child has not done anything wrong, the child still needs to be watched and is not trustworthy. Also, children and teenagers usually know an awful lot more about computers and technology than adults do. Because of the difference in generations, most teens and children know how to check for spyware, how to disable it, and how to get around it, more often than not without the parent knowing what has happened.It is impossible for a parent to keep tabs and know absolutely everything their child does, which they should not, and sometimes it is better this way. Even if a child does not find a way around the spyware, are parents really prepared to know their child's secrets that are not harmful to themselves, such as sexual activity, although can be harmful in some cases, or sexual orientation? Sometimes it is best to be ignorant. Parents should not go looking for things that if they knew would cause issues in the family tearing them apart.What is the worst that children can get into on the internet? Parents have to understand that their kids are human, and in turn let them be human. They are going to want to try new things, and exploring the internet is probably going to be one of those things. What is so bad about that anyway? It will not corrupt them; nothing â€Å"corrupts† people but other people. It is not the internet doing the corrupting, it is those behind what is being shown and put out there, those that are typing in chat rooms and writing their blogs.It is easy to view kids as possessions, like pets that have to be pampered and hidden from the world, but they are people just the same, and they have to make their own decisions even if they aren't â€Å"good† ones. A teenager deserves their privacy just as much as anyone, including their parents. I believe that if parents have taught their children well, with morals and the ups and downs of life and the internet, they need to trust that their child has been taught well enough to not misuse the internet and all of its capabilities.Joe Kelly, founder of a national advocacy group called Dads and Daughters, states that â€Å"Markets play on this fear that something horrific is going to happen to your child, when the odds of that are minuscule. It might happen, but to have their whole childhood predicated on this remote possibility is, in the aggregate, even more damaging. â€Å"(Crary) Spyware really undermines all of the trust that the parent and child have with one another. In a survey of 1,006 AOL users, â€Å"74. 2% said they perceived spyware to be a personal threat. (Poston) Spyware is seen as a personal threat to so many citizens because of its demoralizing and disrespectful nature. I would not want it done to me, my parents would not want it done to them, and I do not think teaching children that it is okay to have a spyware on someone else is healthy or just. The choice between installing spyware on a child’s computer or not too, can relate to one another and meet in the middle. In some extreme cases where there is no longer an ounce of trust, spyware should be put on children’s computers to protect them from themselves and others.Although in most cases, spyware is not acceptable because of the harm it does to the relationship between parent and child, and the toll it takes on trust, individualism, and privacy. Parents should have some type of control over their child’s internet usage. Blocking some sites, such as porn or self-harm/suicide related sites, is beneficial and sufficient. Having the computers in the house being put in open areas, such as an office or living room, can also control what children do on the computer because of the fact that they are aware that anybody can walk by and see what is on the screen.There are also parental controls that make it so the internet is only available at the times set up by the parents. Parents that are still uncomfortable with these alternatives could also have a password set up that one would need to log onto the computer, and only the parent would know that password. That way, if a child wants to use the computer, the parent will always know if they are on it. You should also talk to your children about the dangers of the internet so that they recognize suspicious behavior or activity.In order to teach more about internet safety instead of simply trying to avoid it, parents need to â€Å"Discuss the risks of sharing certain types of information (e. g. , they they’re home alone) and the benefits to only communicating and sharing information with people they know. † (Householder) All of these alternative suggestions, used solely or by incorporating them all, is a much more useful tool in monitoring computer and internet usage rather than using a spyware. The alternative to spyware does not damage trust, lets the child have needed amounts of privacy, and yet still lets the reins be in the parent’s hands.Works Cited Coben, Harlan. â€Å"The Undercover Parent. †Ã‚  New York Times  16 Mar. 2008: n. pag. Print. Crary, David. â€Å"USA TODAY. †Ã‚  USATODAY. COM. N. p. , 05 Sept. 20122. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. Fodeman, Doug, and Marje Monroe. â€Å"The Impact Of Facebook On Our Students. †Ã‚  Teacher Librarian  36. 5 (2009): 36-40. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Mar. 2013. Freeman, Lee A. , and Andrew Urbaczewski. â€Å"Why Do People Hate Spyware? †Ã‚  Communications Of The ACM  48. 8 (2005): 50-53. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Mar. 2013. Householder, Allen, and Mindi McDowell. Security Tip (ST05-002). † Keeping Children Safe Online. US Department of Homeland Security, 16 Feb. 2013. Web. 20 Mar. 2013   Lehman, James. â€Å"Newslette r Signup. †Ã‚  Empowering Parents. N. p. , n. d. Web. 21 Mar. 2013. Poston, Robin, Thomas F. Stafford, and Amy Hennington. â€Å"Software: A View From The (Online) Street. †Ã‚  Communications Of The ACM  48. 8 (2005): 96-99. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Mar. 2013. â€Å"Stop Cyber bullying Before It Starts. †Ã‚  NCPC. com. National Crime Prevention Council, n. d. Web. 17 Mar. 2013.

Characteristics of Research Essay

The methodology that is utilized should be applicable for the problem that guides the research, The methodology yields the outcomes of the study, which in turn produces the support required to facilitate the findings (Ellis & Levy, 2008). The purpose of this paper Is to examine the characteristics of a research problem. The focus is on the elements of what constitutes a researchable problem, the components of a well formed Statement of Research Problem, as well as what constitutes a reasonable theoretical framework for the need of the study. As stated by Leedy and Ormrod, (2005) â€Å"The research problem is the axis around which the whole research effort revolves (Leedy and Ormrod, 2005, p. 49). † Viable research cannot be deemed Important without a well-denned understanding of why the research has been performed. There are several components that make research of noteworthy importance, such as the research needs to be researchable and manageable In size. Other characteristics Include the degree of how the research will influence future research and other researchers by whether or not the findings wlll make a contrlDutlon to tne Doay 0T Knowledge, tne explanatlon 0T tne data ana make a difference for others (Dissertation101 Mentoring Services, 2013). Influence of the research. Good research should advance the field in which it is geared toward as well as build on the current body of available research. The impact does not have to be huge, but it must be identifiable. The study should reveal how the researcher intends to take a different viewpoint and or direction. According to Leedy and Ormrod (2010) the research should direct the philosophy in different perceptions, as well as inspire further research to be conducted as it relates to the topic (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010). The advancement should reflect how the new methodologies will be used, along with the other current work, to help to better come to a conclusion in order to solve the problem (Brewer & Hunter, 2006). The problem is researchable nd manageable in size. It is imperative to select a topic that is doable and that will allow many opportunities to conduct adequate primary research. Limitations such as the availability of answers should also be considered when thinking of a research problem. Additionally, time and expenses are of concern. Considering how long it will take to conduct the research is important as is whether or not the researcher has enough background knowledge to carry out the research, which may cause delays. The budget is a major factor and taking into consideration the kinds of tasks that will e needed, any paid assistants, specialized equipment, or software that needs to be created and/or acquired will help in estimating the amount of funds that will be needed to conduct the research. Explanation of the data Since research requires data, it is important during the planning that the researcher analyzes beforehand whether or not any data related to the research problem can be produced. If not, then the research problem and the question may need to be changed. The decision of whether to use qualitative or quantitative data is important and based on the type of research. Once the data has been collected, the researcher must have a way to communicate the results. The data must be organized in a way that it merges the existing data with the new data to determine the quality based on the guidelines for collecting the data. Components of a Statement of Research Problem Essentially, the problem statement provides the basis for the research. The statement of the research problem reflects the general concern that leads to the specific problem and must be factual and clearly stated. Accordingly, it must be a brief precise description, which sets the premise for the problem to be studied. It distinguishes and states the underlying problems, if any and outlines the hypotheses, along with the research questions (Dissertation101 Mentoring Services, 2013). Precise, factual and clearly stated. Researcher seek to answer a question or to find a solution to a problem. Providing factual information to introduce the problem will change the perspective of what people think or know about the problem. As well the research should speak to the literature that is prevalent and to what is missing from this literature. Therefore, a statement of the problem needs to be precisely tated in one or two sentences that outlines the problem of the research. The statement of the problem should also address the question (Lew & Ellis, 2008). As stated by Levy and Ellis, (2008) â€Å"The problem statement is the statement of the problem and the argumentation for its viability. It should address all six questions, what, how, where, when, why, and who (Levy & Ellis, 2008, p. 27)†. Underlying sub- proDlems. 0Tten times, researcn proDlems are too slgnlTlcant or very compllcatea De solved without breaking them down into smaller parts. The parts of the big problem re known as the sub-problems. The sub-problems make up a researchable component that will form together to equal the summation of the main problem. Division of the main problem is the fourth characteristic of formal research (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005). Presenting a hypothesis or research questions. The researcher must prepare a hypothesis related to the expectations what will be true of the results and conclusions of the study. The research problem, the goals, and the associated research questions and/or hypotheses are entwined in that a research goal is the ain focus of the research that will be used to speak to the problem.

Computer-Mediated Communication

Many problems arise when people communicate over the internet. In fact, over the past few weeks, with our class communicating via email and GoogleSites, I encountered a few obstacles. It was difficult to process all the information being sent out. I was wary of reading every single post because it was just so much information. I certainly thought it was a great way to really see how computer mediated communication affected relationships. The interesting thing is that my generation is so keen on using facebook, twitter, myspace, etc. But when it comes to something like email, it feels disorganized or confusing to us.When it came to the GoogleSites, I found it difficult to navigate through everything. I rarely check my email and really just use it to send junk mail to. Relationships develop differently over the internet than in person or over the phone. For one thing, the internet creates a certain veil for people hide behind. Here you can take as much time as you like to think about w hat you will say. You have much more power to direct which way the conversation will go. You have the ability to say whatever you please without much of a consequence. There is also a huge disconnect between the two people communicating.It's not uncommon for strangers to get in heated political debates, saying hurtful things in order to get a message across. It's much less common to lose control of yourself when speaking face-to-face because there are possible consequences if you offend the other person. You may feel more sympathy and guilt. Whereas on the internet, the disconnect is greater. The internet can be very beneficial for relationships, however. For instance, many people who have difficulty communicating their thoughts to people in person, now have the ability to speak freely and comfortably.They often find it easier to talk to another person this way. Another benefit is the easy access to communicating on the internet when no other communication is available. Soldiers acr oss seas may be able to speak daily to their loved ones over the internet. During the wars before the internet, soldiers relied on written letters. This may be a more romantic and story tale way of communicating, but the reality is, the internet brings much comfort to the soldier and his family. There are obvious downsides of communicating over the internet. Relationships may often develop too rapidly or dishonestly because of it.Feedback from one person to the other may become unclear create confusion. In person, because of body language, eye contact, and vocal tone, it is much easier to communicate clearly and express your thoughts. While we can still express our thoughts on the internet, we must take into account that our voice, body language, and tone, are all missing. It is especially important to express your thoughts clearly on the internet so that all audiences and people you are speaking with understand you clearly. The internet is a window to almost all information you cou ld possibly be in search for.It is the world in the palm of your hand. Yet most people do not use it for this purpose. It can be a huge distraction and time waster when it comes to getting things completed. Students often use it as a way to keep their minds off of homework that needs doing. I strongly believe that it contributes to a person's attention span, making it easy to multitask and do a million things at once. Life used to move more slowly, assignments were done thoroughly and thoughtfully with complete attention on the task at hand. Now, students may find it difficult just to sit down for an hour and focus on one thing.When things need doing, they are usually done quickly and thoughtlessly without much effort being put into it. The one thing that makes computer-mediated communication different from any other form of communication is the speed at which you can communicate. There is almost no waiting for the message to be sent, just instant communication. The beauty of commun ication before the internet was how important it was to people. They held it very close to themselves and it was a very personal thing to everyone. Now, communication has lost its quality. Sure, it's communication, but it's not nearly as personal.People speak without thinking, or even feeling. Relationships are diluted because of the internet. They are not as genuine, as rare, as special, anymore. Relationships formed before speaking on the internet may still be genuine and valuable. But relationships formed on the internet often develop too quickly and possibly dishonestly. There is no sure way to tell when a person is telling the truth and it is much harder to get to know a person this way. To overcome the problems associated with computer-mediated communication we must be able to trust what we are reading from the person sending the message.The biggest and most crucial rule I would create would be honesty. It is so easy to form a different identity on the internet. A very extreme example of this would be child molesters pretending they are teens in chat rooms or on facebook to befriend younger children. Though this is a really extreme case, it just goes to show that when people are given unlimited opportunities to do what they please without any consequences, what they may never think to do in reality is now a possibility. By staying honest to the person, as well as that person remaining honest, communication can become much clearer.When we can trust what we read, we can continue on with the relationship. Another rule to ensure clear communication would be the use of proper spelling and grammar. Many messages can be misleading because of misspelled words and can even give the impression to the reader that the person is uneducated. Incorrect spelling can create an image of the speaker that is not a true representation of themselves. I believe these two rules are the most crucial in ensuring that a message via the internet is interpreted correctly.

Performance Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Performance Evaluation - Essay Example The number of professionally designed and well managed infrastructure within towns and cities of Emirates can be used as an indicator of developed infrastructure. Such urban environments will boast of superlative traffic and transport systems. Another indicator will be if Urban Planning Council meets the housing requirements. The housing requirement should have proper settlement patterns across the urban areas. On the sustainability of the environment, it is measured on how well the organization has protected the natural environment of desert and coastal ecosystem. It is measured on whether it has been able to protect Emirates rare deserts and unique ecology. Evaluating the performance of the social and human resources development involve the use of indicators such as growth, size and structure of population of the state can be considered. Further, education and illiteracy levels of the workforce are considered in relation to their education infrastructure. Urban Planning Council as an organization should use this indicator factor the number of educational institutions in relation to population growth, education and illiteracy levels. This helps determine the number and levels of educational institutions that need to be built within a given duration of time. Availability of educational institutions will enable an adequate supply of professional and well trained workforce in the future. An increase in per capita income indicates an economic growth and development of any given country. Another indicator that maybe used by the organization is the human development index where facts such as education, income for decent living and life expectancy are considered. In relation to the above economic indicators, the organization enough guidelines and framework of new projects are approved to enable its citizens work and live within healthy immediacy. This helps her populace earn a substantial

Anthropology. DNA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anthropology. DNA - Essay Example A chromosome is thus a structure that has DNA molecule that consists of many genes. According to Mendel, offspring receive their genes from the parents. Half of the genes are inherited from one parent and the other half from the other parents. Both parents are thus responsible for the traits displayed by the offspring. In mitosis, the daughter cells are identical to the parent cells without any differentiation (Ridley, 25). In meiosis however, due to the crossing over during the metaphase, mutation occurs. It can thus be concluded that the traits that are inherited form both parents and genetic mutation that may take place during crossing over in meiosis are accountable for the characteristics found in offspring. Question 2 Hardy-Weinberg principle is based on the fact that genetic variation is constant through generation in absence of other evolutionary forces. For these variations to remain constant there are some limiting factors that should be in place. One of the factors is the existence of random mating. According to him, populations have specific genes frequencies. If random mating does not take place then the proportions that Hardy proposes cannot be achieved. An example of non-random mating could be through inbreeding where homozygozity of genes in the population is achieved. Selection is another factor which leads to rapid changes in allele frequencies where the desirable characteristics are favored. This can be changed through artificial breeding where all the traits are maintained. Mutation has minimal effects on allele order. However, it can cause remarkable changes in the population if it is recurrent. Migration also affects allele’s frequencies (Ridley, 84). With migration homogeneity of genes within the population is increased since it causes random mating. Lack of migration would result in a certain population having almost homozygous traits. Genetic drift is another factor. This occurs in small sized population and this causes swift cha nges in gene frequency. This is not applicable in large sized population. Question 3 Natural selection is the process through which organism that is best adapted to live in a certain environment survives while the organisms which have weak traits die out or migrate. It is nature’s way of retaining organism with the best trait on the planet while the weaker genes die out. The process of natural selection has been cited as an important stage in evolution. Darwin supported the theory of natural selection using several premises. One is that natural selection comes as a result of existence of variations in organisms. You will find that a certain trait will be displayed over a range of characteristic s within the same species. For instance there is a wide range of skin completion in man. These differences allows for the creation of new traits in the next generation when parents with different traits mate. This creates a room where the trait that is best suited for a certain environ ment to be favored bringing about natural selection. There are however other traits that do not show variation such the number of eyes in mammals. Moreover, some traits that organism have are acquired from the parents while others are obtained from the environment. The traits acquired from the environment are passed to the next generation bringing about differentiation. Another factor that brings about natural selection is high levels of population growth rate. The population of organism increases when the conditions are favorable for example vegetation population in the forest during the heavy rains. Drought causes the organism to compete over limited resources. The organisms that survive during such conditions are the ones that have been adopted to survive with less water

A French Joint Venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

A French Joint Venture - Essay Example well, French construction materials company restructured the loss-making state-owned Huaibei Mining Company (HMC) by entering into the joint venture in 1994 and turned the company as profit making company in 1999 by implementing various structural reforms in labor, production, technology, and marketing.(Goodall 103). Entering into joint venture will help to acquire innovative know-how and skills. When China opened its market in 1978, it has become most attractive land for foreign direct investment (FDI) in the whole globe. It is to be observed that three-fourths of FDI attracted by China took the shape of Joint ventures (JV’s). JV offers distinct advantages like reduction in costs. A foreign JV partner may offer capital by way of cash, technology, machinery, know-how whereas the Chinese partner may offer factory land, building, skilled workers, and machinery. Collaborating a joint venture with the state-owned enterprises (SOE’s) in China frequently has raised issues for foreign companies as SOE’s are the distinct form of business entity with a diverse cultural setting. There is less freedom for foreign investors in JV’s as foreign partners have to operate in co-operation with the local SOE’s. By opening the doors for foreign investors, China is transforming to market economy from the centrally planned economy or government controlled economy. Earlier in the joint venture, the HMC Management had failed to keep its promise of granting financial rewards for good performance by employees. As the result, employees lost their faith in the management. HMC HR function was found to be disassociated from business goals and acted only as policemen or administrative function. (Goodall 105). As such, in JV, Lafarge encountered higher extent of complexity due to socio-economic, cultural, political and institutional divergence involved.

Tourism and Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Tourism and Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example However, like in any other industry, the value of CSR in tourism operations has not been practiced universally though recognized by industry players in recent years. One of the main reasons for the limited practice is the view that it is often considered non-essential in operations or is a secondary financial and operational priority (Campbell, 2006). At the same time, most management principles designed for the industry are focused on direct clients and sustainability has only become a recent priority for the industry (Voultsaki, 2000). Henderson (2007) points out however that recent global events, such as the Indian Ocean tsunami, have greatly challenged this viewpoint. The realization is that as tourism industries have become more significant for economies and become more accessible to global markets, it is impacting social interactions, communications and collaborations in a similar scale. In a study developed by Weaver and Lawton (2004), the concern that tourism is affecting local communities negatively developed from the limited insight on how visitor's movements and activities can change social, political and cultural dynamics. Though tourism generally boosts local economies, it also increases the demand for social services, potential for crime and victimization and environmental stress (Voultsaki, 2000). The scale of tourism has been increased dramatically by innovations communication transportation and has challenged even long-established tourist hot spots to deal with the influx of visitors (Henderson, 2007). Though many of the issues have been dealt with effectively as they developed, there was also the realization the most efforts were reactive rather than responsive to the developing needs of tourism industries. Thus, the initiative to improve industry sustainability concepts and practices became a major area of interest for research and management. According to Campbell (2006), one of the challenges for the adaptation of CSR principles is communicating effectively that the quantified costs of CSR programs are justified. Since CSR-based or initiated program benefits can not be justified directly by quantitative measures, the cost-benefit analysis often negates implementation. Though companies may be able to have fiscal justification, Henderson (2007) points out that such perspectives do not only diminish the social involvement and participation of company and ultimately lessen not only their own social value but the rest of the industry as well. This in turn can compromise public support for tourism initiatives or create deterrents to the development of policies and regulations for the industry. From the other end of the spectrum the when companies adapt CSR philosophies, the state and the community are able mitigate or regulate corporate social power which may be pervading particularly in the case of large multinational operat ors in least developed countries (Whitehouse, 2003; UNCTAD, 2002). Thus, in establishing their social relevance and concern, tourism operators are able to maintain socio-political

Economic Integration Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Economic Integration Law - Essay Example They represent free trade area while resulting in trade creation by shifting the production of some items from less efficient member countries to more efficient member countries. Regional economic integration encourages countries in a geographic region to reduce or remove tariff and non-tariff barriers which allow free flow of goods and services among them. At the end, the system promotes global business (OPPapers.com, 2011). In recent years, international trade has been witnessed an emergence of two parallel trends, the first one is the rise of regionalism, and the second one is legalism in the enforcement trade agreements. In case of regionalism, there is a host of new integration initiatives drawn along the geographical lines. The two trends have succeeded to garner scholarly attention and spark comparative analysis of regional versus multilateral arrangements. And, at the same time they lead debate regarding the political dynamics of judicialisation within individual facts. Trade facts at regional level exhibits considerable variation in governance structures which are an interesting factor. Moreover, a question of institutional design has proven contentious in recent trade negotiations which underscore their political salience. The creation of supranational institutions in regional trade agreements have direct implications for the academic debates in related to globalisation, sovereignty, and interdependence (Smith, J. 2003). Post Second World War witnessed a prominence of multilateralism and regionalism as more and more countries joined the process of economic integration. We can see the trend during the period 1940-1990. In the process of economic integration, countries those who have entered into the free trade area have introduced several measures for the easy flow of goods and services between the member countries. As a result role played by tariffs in international trade has been declined. Generally countries used trade barriers such as customs, quot as, taxes, duties, anti dumping measures, health, environmental, and safety certification requirements, countervailing duties, constitutional laws, and licenses for the restriction of trade. But, when countries entered into the economic integration, these restrictions have been liberalised for the facilitation of free trade movement. Agreements at regional level which are known as Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) generally restricted to a particular geographical location and are becoming a defining feature of the modern economy. These are the free trade agreements among the countries of a particular geographical location. Following the success of European Union, which shows that RTAs can build prosperity and peace, countries in other geographical region came closer to form the similar agreements at the regional level. As a result more than 300 regional trading arrangements were registered under World Trade Organisation, and majority of the countries belonging to European Union, Amer ica, Austria, Africa, and Asian continent joined regional grouping of one sort or the other. Compare to other regions, countries of the Asian continent were the recent entrants for this field, but they rapidly catching up the race. On the other hand, RTAs in African continent

Pluralism and Urban Regime Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pluralism and Urban Regime - Research Paper Example Pluralists believe that direct democracy is unworkable and undesired. They operate under logistical manner where every citizen comes in a meeting to decide on political issues that require continuous and expert attention, which is common among the common citizens. Robert Dahl, a known pluralist, suggested in one of his writing that, the societies that we live in politics are like sideshows in the great circus of life. The common worry in the pluralism is that, common persons lack intelligence and direct democracy that is required in leadership. Urban regime on the other hand is the development of cities in order to provide a range of profound changes in the view of globalization. The urban governance in the modern world is catalyzed by technological and communication development, economic restructuring and the postmodernism reconstruction tendencies (Parker 247). The urban governance theory came to prominence in the publication of the Clarence stone’s study in Atlanta. Since t hen, the urban regime method has had an extensive use to determine the politics of a country both in North America and across the world. The urban regime recognizes the values and insights of the subjects. The urban regime has recognition from most of the countries, including North America, as totally involving the subjects. The system brings together the coalition partners through the available resources in either governmental or non-governmental limits (Davies 98). The system recognizes the political leaders as the channels through which resources can be mobilized to accomplish duties in the society. Robert Dahl is a sterling professor of political science and earned a degree in political science and a subsequent honorary doctorate in law. He contributed a lot in explaining the varieties of governance. He says that urban governance is a multidisciplinary natural phenomenon that describes both innovation and confusion among the majority who are governed. Dahl emphasized on the urba n politics as primarily concerned with urban political power many scholars thereof have also tried to explain what an urban regime is and who actually owns the town (485). The most important factor to put into consideration is whether the power has any relation to the ideal reasoning of the American democracy. Dahl developed the earliest theory about the urban politics. He held the same as an intellectual movement that is philosophical in nature. Dahl raised the main criticism as to why he held urban politics as the appropriate means of governance. He held that the elites at the top levels less remember the desires of the majority they have left behind. Thus, he emphasized the urban regime as the best forms of governance. On the issue of pluralism, Robert Dahl rejected the idea of democracy as an open form of governorship. He said that a dominant paradigm of a majority rule would endorse diverse cultural, economic, racial, and ethnic interest. All these would translate into lack of unity in the country and resulting into a division among the different groups. In addition, policies made by a group of people may conflict at the implementation stage (Smith 257). Generally, Dahl did not back the ideas of pluralist but instead emphasized on urban governorship as the most appropriate form of governorship. Clarence stone also had a say on the urban regimes and pluralism. He once wrote that,

Religion in Pop Culture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religion in Pop Culture - Term Paper Example The vision of religion in the new light, when it is a component of the pop culture raises a lot of questions: whether it is right or wrong to popularize images of Jesus Christ or God Mother or other religious images. The most known reflections of religion in pop culture can be traced in the creative works of Lady Gaga. If we talk about this singer, we can see that lately this popular singer is really obsessed with religious images and she always is looking for an opportunity to promote religious images. In her interviews she claims that she is a too religious and spiritual person, but when we watch her videos we can have many doubts. Still, I am also impressed by her video on the song â€Å"Born This Way†. Lady Gaga is not the first one, who tries to reflect her ideas of love and faith by means of using different religious allusions and metaphors. There are humane and good lines in the song â€Å"Born This Way†, when the singer says: â€Å"I’m beautiful in my wa y because God makes no mistakes†. This is a righteous interpretation of religion. Nevertheless, allusions used are really impressive and we can think about the moment of birth. Her videos are always ambiguous. For example, the most impressive clip for me is â€Å"Judas†. Thus, in her video â€Å"Judas† we can see that â€Å"Jesus is my virtue / but Judas is the demon I cling to† and these lines imply a potential sinful behavior of too religious people. These controversial songs and videos impress me by their potential to strike my imagination. I try to guess, which are the real intentions of Lady Gaga songs? I came across the images of a sinful Magdalena in â€Å"Judas† and innocent â€Å"Venus† in this video. Moreover, Gaga does not only reflect her own religious beliefs, she also tries to bring in a kind of burlesque and kitsch to her religious interpretations†¦for example in her video â€Å"Judas† there are striking images of a nun, who is dreaming about sex with men, or when Lady Gaga tries to make a shot with her gun, but in reality it turns out to be a lipstick. Another demonstration of religion in pop culture is representation of religious ideas in clothes. For example, pink T-shirts with a cartoon kitten purring â€Å"Jesus loves me†. Religion is a kind of a trend in the modern world. Madonna and Pam Anderson wear T-shirts with the line â€Å"Mary is My Homegirl†. Such kind of T-shirts is an attempt to make people think about religious issues. We do not have enough time to visit Church and for some people it is a kind of showing off their religious beliefs. To my mind this strategy is fashionable, but it should not be kitschy as it is. As a rule priests argue with popularization of religion and blame Lady Gaga for her profanity. Popular films also reflect the fashionable religious ideas and beliefs. For example, the film by Mel Gibson â€Å"The Passion of the Christ† is very popu lar or â€Å"Joan of Arcadia,† a film story about the girl on who talks to God won attraction of the audience. Nowadays religion is a modern brand. It sounds like the world has gone wild, but it is really so. Popular slogans promote religion, but in a different way, which seems natural for people. For example, we can see that it is easier and more pleasant for people to wear T-shirts with

Life Meaning Essay Example for Free

Life Meaning Essay The definition of life is very difficult. Although dictionaries and encyclopedias say in general is the intermediate state between birth and death, I think it goes far beyond, is something deeper and we all want to know. By asking this question we faced is as if we ourselves, as research is about something Ive always lived, after much thought and analysis that is life, in my point of view I think is that although many try to define life as commonly defined other terms, in my position, life is not a thing, but rather as a process. To truly know that life is all we can do is live and this is the only way and how life is lived? Maybe its the question we should ask ourselves, what can say to that is this: being alive, flowing, running with her, walking with her. Life is now, is now, life is what is happening to us, life is not something or someone or somewhere that we have to look, life is a gift that we already have. lama you can feel in your breathing, your blood circulation in the beating of your heart. What you are now, thats your life what happened to you, what is to befall and what not, thats your life. While humans try to find different meanings to what life is and try to give the concept deeper, scientific, philosophical or theological response will never be enough to describe the life, and while people look the concept of life are missing what it is, they have forgotten the real and have been replaced by concepts and explanations that my term, to take advantage of anything. We see what is actually already here, we rationalizations. Nobody can give you the meaning of your life. Its your life and you have to give it meaning only you. No one but you can find it. Its your life and only accessible to you. Only by living the mystery will be revealed. Life is not looking at other people or writings or intelligent explanations, these are only justifications that ultimately explain nothing. Life is already bubbling within. Only if you want her there. The temple is on the outside, you are his sanctuary. So the first thing we must remember to define ourselves is life is never look outside or try to discover somebody. And the second thing to remember is that when you finally discover in yourself that is life, you will find that is death. At the beginning I mentioned that life is a process, well, death is part of that process. Humans usually think that death is the enemy of life, which is the grand finale, which is the enemy to be feared but in reality it is not, death is not the enemy, and if you consider death as the enemy that just shows you have not been able to know what life is. Although it seems absurd, death and life have many things in common, both have the same energy is a phenomenon like day and night, as cold and heat, and summer and winter, life and death are rivals, not polar opposites, are not separated and are not contrary, quite the contrary, they are complementary. Death is not the end of life is actually a culmination of a life, the summit of life, the climax, the great final stage. And once you know your life and your process, then you understand what death is. Death is a part harmony, full of life and is very friendly with her. Without it life can not exist. Death is a renewal process. And death happens every moment. The instant you inhale and exhale the moment, life and death are passing, both are given. By inspiring, life goes; upon expiry death comes. So when a child is born the first thing he does is breathe life begins there, however when the old man dies the last thing you do is breathe, there is life. The exhale is death, life is inspiring. They are like the two wheels of a cart. Lives that inspire and breathe out, is part of the inhale exhale, you can not breathe if you stop inhaling, the exhaling is part of breathing. You can not breathe if you stop exhaling. You can not live if you stop dying. The man who has understood what is your life, let death happen, welcomes you. Dies every minute and every moment to life. LIFE is a process, a process in which the past is dying every moment and born again and again into the future. If you look at what life is like you know what death is. If you understand what death is, only then will you be able to understand what life is. Life is a gift, a gift of God, and have certain scents that make it magical, like love, like friends or family, life is full of little moments that make your story and each of these moments is good live them with people you love and who love you, life without love is like a box that looks beautiful on the outside but when you open it and find it completely empty with nothing of value, thats love, which gives value to your life. Maybe weve heard many times the phrase living dead for my concept that is the perfect definition, a life without love makes us dead in life. When we say live life, we mean that, to love, that gives meaning to life, to love somebody to love many or love everyone, to love God and to love nature. Life is real is what is in you is what queeres, there are things unreal, superficial exterior such as money, money is something that absorbs life unreal how many times we have not worried about getting money and is scientifically proven that concerns cause disease and alters the body of people altering the normal functioning of this, while we worry about things more unreal wears more life and go to becoming a plant that interest only superficial things, fine work and make money, which is not right that this will become the center of your life and everything in you turn around money. If we look at the birds of the sky and see how they survive only with his life, feed and have the best clothes that anyone ever could have, with all those colors and how they sing every morning, the birds live their lives, not care about anything and are inferior to us. We should take example from them. Finally we can say that life does not have to investigate it or try to define it or worry about understanding it, life must be lived and enjoyed.

Tale of Two Airlines Memo Essay Example for Free

Tale of Two Airlines Memo Essay Im writing in regards of recommendations for service improvement. These findings are based on the McPherson complaint and the following issues have been identified. 1. Information technology and operation strategy failure for not identifying a full fare customer through the (RMS) revenue management system or (CRS) computer reservation system. This may have caused the airline to lose a loyal 10 year customer. 2. Poor service management by a failure of airline employees to coordinate standard operating protocols of inclement weather procedures. Inflight attendants failed to identify passengers with close connecting flights and notify employees at destination airport to hold flights. 3. Poor management control over gate boarding and gate closing, failure to monitor departure time schedule for flights. International flight departed ahead of scheduled time without regard to passenger list and reasons for possible passenger delays. The following is a list of options available. 1. Establish and integrate standard operating protocol that in the event of inclement weather, management will instruct and verify that operation employees identify connecting passengers and coordinate with outbound flights. 2. Complete organizational transformations with new service standards. Taking in consideration more human factors with todays standards in mind. This will require a fundamental change attitudes and training on behalf of management. IT managers should also take human factors more seriously than ever. 3. Prior to departure all outbound flights with missing connecting and checked-in passengers will work with operations to determine the status of missing passengers. Recommendations for correction are as follows 1. Develop a protocol for system identification of delayed flights,  inclement weather or mechanical failure, with in-flight connecting passengers to be cross checked. Having a system in place to communicate between airlines is key in this case. A study done by Jody Hoffer Gittell states, â€Å"relationships of shared goals, shared knowledge and mutual respect enable participants to connect in a meaningful way across functional and organizational boundariesallowing them to coordinate â€Å"on the fly†.(Gittell, J. H. 2003) Studies have also shown that a firm should be able to increase customer satisfaction which ultimately leads to a better firm performance. 2. Develop new service standards to be instituted for operations management with necessary actions to be taken to insure performance measures are met. Establish training to empower employees to take initiatives to increase satisfaction with customer service. Develop alliances with competitors in market area to use â€Å"code sharing† in the CRS to boost customer service  satisfaction. 3. Improve operations strategy for gate closing procedures. Implementation Create a project for the IS/IT department to write program into the enterprise CRS system to trigger a generated report with linkages between incoming delayed flights passenger lists and connecting flight passenger lists. Management is to distribute the above report to the appropriate parties in order for measures per operational protocol to be instigated. Develop incentive program for a pre-determined ratio of completed transfers and connections made. Assign committee to develop and monitor outreach program to alliance competitors. Establish mandatory adherence to scheduled gate closing departure times and pre gate closing passenger checklist. IS/IT department to develop pre gate closing checklist in system with requirement of management signature prior to closing out flight. Assessment Criteria Affirm successful project completion and integration into CRS system. Track ratio of completed flight connections and establish high baseline for number of completed connections made. Hire market research firm to conduct surveys on customer satisfaction for passengers of identified delayed flights. Assign staff to reconciliation of survey, delayed report, and completed connection report to monitor progress. References: Gittell, J. H. (2003). The Southwest Airlines way: Using the power of relationships to achieve high performance. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Place of Man in Business Organisations

Place of Man in Business Organisations AN ETHICAL APPRAISAL OF THE PLACE OF MAN IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS Abstract/Introduction To really have clear understanding of the place of man in the society and in the organizations, it is pertinent to conceptualize and formulate a method of investigation which utilizes the concept of value as it’s terminus a quo (Starting point). It is the concept of value that distinguishes and sets man apart from other creatures and lower animals. Man has rationality and a dignity which no other created being has. This proper understanding of the human person in his essential and relational constituents makes man the focal point of all action and development. As such, to understand the real value and dignity of man is essential to business relations in the organizations. There are different businesses that man engages in, but the real value of man ensures that business does not debase annihilate man altogether. The primary purpose of this paper is to give an ethical appraisal of the place of man (understood as a human person) in various business organizations. This paper will unearth three important elements that gives man his identity of uniqueness:- Respect, Solidarity and Liberty (Freedom). These are the fundamental principles that make us most human. The Threefold Values of The Human Person Respect in the workplace This is the fundamental attitude of giving value to somebody or something. This value demands that we do not destroy the being or the essence of another person who has the right to be and operate the way he is convinced of. However, this value of respect should be in consonance with rule of law and healthy customs. Man has the fundamental right to enjoy respect either as an employer or employee in the workplace. Any effort to deprive him of this fundamental value reduces man to a mere object that has lost its value. Respectful behavior in the organization most times is as a result of organizational culture. Respect is fostered when employees/employers are valued, when people treat others the way they would love to be treated, when conflicts are resolved swiftly and successfully, when there is courtesy in communication, and when disrespectful behavior is suitably addressed. In the organization, respectful conduct lays the foundation for a constructive/positive work atmosphere. Solidarity (Communion of persons over alienation) The concept of solidarity is not just the idea of projecting unity of message and vision in the workplace among workers; it is most importantly the art of valuing our fellow human beings and respecting the uniqueness of the individual person. The world is a one human family; solidarity among workers in the workplace enables the organization to build a community of people that empowers everyone to attain their full potential by respecting the dignity of each other, the rights and responsibilities of each other. Solidarity is the idea that together we can make a difference. Solidarity demands a sharing of the different qualities, characteristics and talents that we have in the production process. The value of solidarity in the work place is manifest in the formation of trade unions to improve the collective behaviors of the seller of the power of labor and the employers with the intention of protecting their standards structurally. Some researchers have criticized the idea of socialism on the basis that it is against human nature. For them, it is contra naturam. This is the basic idea of Alex Callinicos when he writes; â€Å"you can’t change human nature. Any attempt to create a society free of poverty, exploitation and violence is bound to run up against the fact that human beings are naturally selfish, greedy and aggressive†. (2004; P. 65). For Karl Marx, the whole idea of an unchanging human nature was a mere abstraction. The essence of man for him is not an abstraction inherent in a single individual; rather it is an amalgamation of social relations. Be that as it may, there is nothing like human nature in the abstract. Human beliefs, the desires of women and men change as the society changes. It is the need to ensure that human solidarity is not threatened that enables employees to form labor unions. According to Karl Marx, (1967; P. 54), â€Å"employees may seek collective actions to relieve their feelings of alienation about work conditions. The employees at this point become aware of the common plight (solidarity) and that their resulting class consciousness would push them to overthrow the capitalist system†. Solidarity indeed is the basis of unionism. This Marxs theory should be understood from the perspective of the adversity and poverty suffered by workers in France, Germany and England around 19th-century. The Industrial Revolution within this period was an eye opener and created a seemingly set of workers, most of whom were living in abject poverty, under terrible working conditions without any political representation In the context of this article, solidarity has to do with the relationship between business organizations and those groups, which while they have strong economic interest are not exclusively economic societies. The union of goals and interest, as the case may be, could not be described in strict economic terms and be considered as a firm, social, ethical and political dimensions. It is not only concerned with wages, but also with working conditions and with the distribution of power in the economy. Freedom rooted in conscience Freedom is one if not the most fundamental value of the human person. Freedom gives the human person his dignity.. His freedom goes beyond the self-development and expression, it cuts across real liberty; access to income and wealth. This liberty enables man to have access to the resources of the society ranging from money, other material goods, offices, jobs and titles. No value on earth makes one happier than the sense and taste of freedom. When this sense permeates in the workplace, you will experience a team of happier colleagues around in the workplace. Different companies have different ways of seeking and achieving freedom. According to the Economic Times, (6th August, 2010), there are different ways of going about the idea of freedom in the workplace. There is â€Å"freedom to flex your work hours to accommodate family life while still meeting organizational goals; freedom to air new ideas and opposing viewpoints with the management; freedom to do things differently, freedom to have a healthy work-life balance†. Man is the maker of values. For Shappiro, S.L (1980; p. 80), Man is a dynamic being, and this dynamism enables him to transmit from values earlier made to some newly made values. Basically, these values of man especially about freedom are not based only on the world of commerce; rather they are humanistic so long as they are deeply rooted in the nature of man. Sadly as it may seem, most of the values underlying the model of the economy and its typical implementation as found in most business organizations, have been very inconsistent with the nature of man. As such, this would at the extreme cause reduction in motivation and work morale. At this point, it is pertinent to highlight some of the basic values made by man in business organizations. Business Codes of Ethics and values made by man in Business Organizations Business codes of ethics or standard of conduct in any business setting highlights the values of the organization, its ethics, tasks and goals which include the need to respect and value the dignity of the human person (employees) in the organization. It also guides the employees on how to go about some ethical circumstances that may arise in the workplace One might ask how it is possible for workplace code of ethics to bring about ethical behavior in business. Though it has been stressed a lot that the best way to sustain the standard of morality and ethics in the organization is by those in the leadership positions leading with examples, this is not always the case in large companies where there is growth in culture brought about by increase in the number of staff and employees. In this situation, business standard of ethics becomes one of the lasting resorts to maintain a standing rule of morality in the workplace. This can be done through the provision of employee handbooks, benchmarks, the code of ethics should also provide specific examples that would really illustrate to the employees what is actually being said. There should also be a training course to fully download the contents of this idea. And finally, the code of ethics should be properly implemented. Every code of ethics must have a provision for respect for individuals. Every employee in an organization ought to have the right to work in an environment where he would be treated with respect and dignity. This brings out the best in us and unleashes our full potentials as human beings. A standard code should also explicitly declare its non- discriminatory policy of any sort, either discrimination in the form of abuse, harassment etc. A critical look at some of the achievements of man in the society either in business organizations or elsewhere gives us the reassurance that everything in the world has its own worth. The worth of something determines the kind of value that would be attached to it. In the case of man in business organizations, S. Nicki (1982: P. 21) points out that the worth of man indicates that man both the employer and the employee should be see not as mere abstractions but should be seen as human beings with dignity and should be treated as such. Another aspect of the value rendered to man in the organization is through proper involvement or engagement. The degree to which they are involved is yet another valuable thing the employees uphold tenaciously. Another aspect of the value of man in the organization is expressed in the reward system in the organization. It is necessary that the workers in the organization get the reward for their work as and when due. This is the point highlighted by W,B Eddy, et al (1969:P.8) when they said that â€Å"a full day’s work, deserves a full day’s pay†. Another point of emphasis is the need for incentives and reinforcement. It is part of the value of man to be motivated in doing his job and be assured of job security. Man’s Place in Business Organization: An Appraisal Considering the business codes of ethics and the entire structure of some organizations, it is pertinent to re-assert the value of man and his place in these values that they created. Man is the creator of these organizational values, and as well the destroyer of the values. Sometimes man in the organization is alienated from labor, product, nature, state, and often times from himself. There is a high tendency for man to be a wolf to man in the organization through unhealthy rivalry, struggling to succeed at the expense of the other at all costs. These situations have deprived man of his naturally deserved respect to the extent that man has been debased. This condition breeds envy, division in the organization. And in this kind of organization, it becomes difficult, if not impossible to run an ethically conscious business organization. The primary essence of the business codes of ethics is to protect the fundamental rights of man (employees) in the organization. These fundamental rights should not be violated in any means whatsoever. Man needs to feel his contribution in the workplace valued, else he feels frustrated and alienated. There should be some elements of team work and cooperation in the workplace to carry everyone along as stipulated in the business codes of ethics. Besides all these, the most valuable and guarded aspect of the human value in the organization is his dignity. Man is not a working machine, rather a being with worth and dignity as an individual. Be that as it may, it is obvious that whatever man does has some ethical implications. In the business organizations, man needs to be treated as an end and never as a means to an end. Evaluation And Conclusion This paper has strived to re-establish the fundamental value of man as a being with dignity even as he engages in business practices in the any organization. These fundamental human rights of man set him apart from other lower animals. In business organizations, employees are treated like working machines which can be put to work at will and dumped at will. Man as man has values and posses some inalienable rights that help boost his dignity in whatever he does and wherever he finds himself. It is noteworthy in this paper that most of the unethical activities in business organizations, even in the society at large is rooted in a lack of respect for our own personal dignity. The primary function of ethics then demands that we appreciate what it means to be truly human. Until we have a proper ethical understanding that enables us understand what it means to be truly human, and puts business into a total framework of both individual and social life, we may end up as successful business me but also as mediocre and morally handicapped people. To talk of business is to talk of man, the human beings who make it happen. Business does not exist in a vacuum. Man in the business organizations, as well as in any other place is the maker of values. His dignity should not for any reason whatsoever be tampered with or equated with material things. Man therefore is a dignified creature. References Marx, K (1967) The Communist Manifesto. Uk., Hazeil Watson and Viney Ltd. Shappiro, S.L. (1980). An Introduction to Business Management. New York. Mcgraw Hill The Economic Times (6TH. August, 2010) S. Nicki (1982). The Business of Communication. U.K: Richard Claypress Ltd. P. 21 W,B Eddy et al (1969)/ behavioral Sciences and Manager’s Role. California: NTL. P. 8 F. Risieri, (1963). What Value? U.S.A: Open Courts Pub.

Canada Cultural Landscape :: essays research papers

Canada is the world's second largest country, and it is the largest country in the Western Hemisphere. It comprises of the entire North American continent north of the United States, with the exclusion of Alaska, Greenland, and the tiny French islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Its most easterly point is Cape Spear, Newfoundland and its western limit is Mount St. Elias in the Yukon Territory, near the Alaskan border. The southernmost point is Middle Island, in Lake Erie and the northern tip is Cape Columbia, on Ellesmere Island. Canada has an abundance of mineral, forest, and waterpower resources. The mining industry has been a major force in Canada's economic development in the past and is still the main force in the advance and economic activity and permanent settlement into the northlands. The principal minerals are petroleum, nickel, copper, zinc, iron ore, natural gas, asbestos, molybdenum, sulfur, gold, and platinum; in addition extensive beds of coal, potash, uranium, gypsum, silver, and magnesium are found. Fresh water covers an estimated 8% of Canada. The many rivers and lakes supply ample fresh water to meet the nation's needs for its communities and for irrigation, agriculture, industries, transportation, and hydroelectric power generation. Canada has four principal drainage basins: the Atlantic Basin which drains to the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River, the Hudson Bay Basin which drains northward into Hudson Bay via the Churchill, Nelson and Saskatchewan rivers, the Arctic Basin which is drained by the Mackenzie River and the Pacific Basin which drains into the Pacific Ocean via the Fraser, Yukon and Columbia rivers. Most of Canada's people live in the southern part of the country, in an elongated, discontinuous belt of settlement parallel to the U.S.-Canadian border. The most populated provinces are Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia. During the last couple years, the Canadian economy has been transformed from on based primarily on agricultural production and the export of agricultural products and raw materials to one based primarily on its manufacturing and service sectors, as well as a mining sector of continuing importance. Canada's economy reflects a high-tech industrial society and resembles the United States, with whom it has close economic ties. This is one reason why a large percentage of the population, live by the U.

Sex Equality Essay -- Gender Roles, Sex Discrimination, Title IX

Sex Equality Title IX is a sex discrimination issue that was brought up in 1972. Title IX prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in school programs and school activities (source 1). Title IX includes all high schools, colleges, and universities. Since 1972, Title IX, has made a big difference in academics, athletics, and employment oppurtunities for girls and women. A guiding principal in America states that equal opportunity is not rhetoric (source 1). The most drastic progress from the Title IX issue is in interscholastic and intercollegiate athletics. Although sex discrimination continues to be noticed in education and athletic programs (source 1). Title IX’s implementing regulations have exact provisions dealing with athletic programs and all scholarships. Title IX provides, to the people, the circumstances that if an institution operates or sponsors any athletic programs, they must provide equal athletic oppurtunities for both sexes. The Office for Civil Rights is to consider whether an institution is correctly issuing the athletic interest and abilities of students of both sexes (source 1). Women now make up the majority of the students in America’s colleges and universities, along with the majority of recipients of master’s degrees (source 2). Regardless, colleges and universities still give lower amounts of treatment to women’s athletics while spending a large chunk of the money on men’s athletics. Title IX became part of the amendments of education on June twenty-third, 1972. â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any educational programs or acticity receiving federal financial assistanc... ...that receive federal education money (source 5). The 2005 rule allowed schools to meet the requirements of the third prong by using an e-mailed survey to female students. This survey would be able to ask students about their athletic interests (source 5). Title IX increased the amount of women that participate in college sports (source 4). The number has more than quintupled (30,000 to 186,000) since 1972. Coaches have used many ways to inflate the number of women on athletic teams. They have been trying this because the higher the number of women in college sports, the more positions can be added to men’s sports teams (source 4). It seems evident that limiting the number of women and girls is also limiting the nation as a whole (source 2). This limitation keeps females from realizing their full potential. It just gives males free reins over the world (source 2).

Louis MacNiece: anomalous displacement and post-colonial identity :: Essays Papers

Louis MacNiece: anomalous displacement and post-colonial identity I was the rector’s son, born to the anglican order, Banned forever from the candles of the Irish poor (â€Å"Carrickfergus†) Ireland inhabits a unique position within the current framework of post-colonial literature and theory. The history of Ireland and it’s relationship to England, from the twelfth century (when Henry II was decreed feudal lord of Ireland by the Pope) to the present day, is the history of a divided colonial nation synonymous with ideas of displacement, identity and culture. Indeed, Ireland may be understood as both colonial and post-colonial, sitting uncomfortably on the fence between labels of post-colonial discourse such as first and third world. Stephen Slemon’s evocative essay, â€Å"Unsettling the Empire: Resistance Theory for the Second World†, suggests the notion of a ‘second world’, or a semi-periphery in post-colonial theory, as a method of transcending myopic binarisms (104 - 110). Slemon argues that the critical and theoretical space created by the alternative of a second world accommodates the difficult examples of the post-colonial, white, settler cultures of Australia, New Zealand, southern Africa and Canada. Ireland, with regard to both the historical experience and to Irish cultural expression and production, is a further country which may be fruitfully situated in this space. The requirement of a ‘second world’ in post-colonial theory becomes glaringly obvious in a consideration of Ireland. As Liam Kennedy concludes, in a comparative analysis of Ireland to Asian and African post-colonial nations on economic grounds, â€Å"attempting to place Ireland in a Third World perspective turned out to be a largely empty enterprise† (Modern Ireland 114). The attempt to propose Ireland as a Third World nation has been common amongst various scholars. For example, in a Field Day pamphlet, Frederic Jameson claims the Dublin of Joyce’s fiction to be â€Å"an underdeveloped village† (Kennedy 107). Kennedy’s study clearly emphasises the fact that Ireland is economically a member of the First World, comparable to Western European countries as opposed to those of the developing world. Ireland’s Gross Domestic Product per head of population in 1913 was valued at US$655 compared to the 1960 figures of US$198 for Ghana and US$74 for India (Kennedy 110). To take a more contemporary view, the World Bank’s World Development Report 1991 shows that in 1989 Ireland was not a member of the Third World. The report, drawing on accepted measurements of wealth and social conditions such as GNP, diet, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, reliance on agriculture and illiteracy, demonstrates the incongruous nature of claiming a Third World status for Ireland.

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 10

When I came home from Seth's the next day, there was another note stuck to my door reminding me about the package. I plucked it off and went inside, surprised to find Vincent there again. I'd figured his angel business would be keeping him busy elsewhere. â€Å"How's it all going?† I asked. I rummaged through my cupboards, looking for food. I'd skipped breakfast. â€Å"I mean, if you can tell me without having to kill me.† He sat at my kitchen table, leafing through newspapers. â€Å"Ah, well, still can't give you details, of course, but I can say that†¦um, well, progress isn't being made as quickly as we'd like. There's leftover lasagna in the refrigerator if you want it.† I opened the refrigerator door. Sure enough. â€Å"Wow. Did one of the angels conjure this up for you?† â€Å"Only if you consider Yasmine's cooking a type of conjuring.† I uncovered the casserole dish. It looked great. There might be magic afoot after all. I put a piece in the microwave and set the timer. Sitting down across from him, I peered at the spread out newspapers and remembered finding them left out the other day. â€Å"You sure like your news.† He grimaced. â€Å"Most of it's depressing.† Glancing at the headlines, I had to agree with him. Murder. Corruption. Theft. â€Å"You hear about the cop shooting the other day?† I asked. â€Å"That one was really depressing.† Vincent turned his attention away from a story about domestic abuse. â€Å"No, what happened?† â€Å"This cop was outside a convenience store and claims someone was inside shooting his partner. So, he ran in, gun in hand, and started shooting. He ended up killing his partner himself.† Vincent frowned. â€Å"Huh. I hadn't heard that one,† he murmured. From the distracted look in his eyes, his mind had clearly latched onto something I wasn't privy to. I gave him a sidelong glance. â€Å"That mean anything to you? Maybe to this mission from God you're on?† His easy smile returned. â€Å"You're good but not that good. You know I can't say anything.† The microwave dinged, and I retrieved my food. As I stabbed a piece of cheesy pasta, I recalled what he'd said about Yasmine's cooking. My curiosity got the better of me. As it often did. â€Å"Vince†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I began slowly, carefully keeping my eyes on my food. â€Å"I know it's none of my business†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He laughed. â€Å"I always love it when people introduce topics like that – and then go ahead and dive in anyway.† Blushing, I shut my mouth. â€Å"No, no,† he said, clearly entertained. â€Å"Go ahead. What were you going to say?† â€Å"I†¦well, nothing really. It's just, I mean, it doesn't matter to me†¦but I just sort of noticed that you and Yasmine seem, um, close.† His levity faded. I quickly looked up and met his eyes apologetically. â€Å"I'm sorry,† I blurted out. â€Å"Forget I said anything.† â€Å"No†¦it's, I don't know.† He folded up the newspaper, staring at it without really seeing it. â€Å"Yeah, I guess. I've known her for a long time, and after a while, it's easy to†¦well, she's easy to like.† â€Å"Yeah, she is.† A few pregnant moments passed. When he spoke again, I heard affection in his voice. â€Å"I first met her at this fair in Akron, of all places†¦about, oh, fifteen years ago. Not sure what she was doing there – you never do with them – but I found her walking away from a concession stand. She had this giant tower of cotton candy. I swear, it was taller than she was. And, since I could tell she was an angel, it made the situation that much more absurd.† The story made me smile too. It also shed light on why he was here with the A-Team. I could tell she was an angel. He was another gifted human, like Erik and Dante, who could sense the immortal world. â€Å"And you went and talked to her?† â€Å"I hadn't planned to, but then the cotton candy started to fall over, so I went to help her and ended up eating half of it myself.† â€Å"That's sweet,† I said. â€Å"Er, no pun intended.† It didn't matter that in the last few months, I'd fucked one guy in an office chair, used a leather whip on another, and gone down on another in the back room of a seedy club. I still loved romantic stories. â€Å"She started asking for my help after that, off and on, once she realized what I could do. It was supposed to just be that†¦nothing more than her, you know, professional cases. But after a while, we couldn't help it. We're together all the time now.† I swallowed another piece of lasagna. It was divine. Seriously. â€Å"Do any of the other angels know?† â€Å"Yeah, right. Joel barely tolerates me now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"But obviously, you guys aren't, um, you can't be – â€Å" â€Å"No, but it doesn't matter. It doesn't have to be physical. Really, it's ironic. Angels are creatures of love. They're supposed to love everyone. They're just not supposed to love one person so much more than another.† â€Å"That's stupid,† I stated adamantly. â€Å"To you, maybe. And to me, I suppose. But to her†¦well, she devotes her entire existence to the service of a power and cause bigger than all of us. To be so in love with something – or someone else – is distracting. You can't serve two masters without eventually betraying one.† I looked down again, turning over his words. â€Å"And yet you guys still stay together. Sort of.† He shrugged. â€Å"In as much as we can. Maybe I should move on with my life, but, honestly, there's no one else I want to be with. I accept what she is. It's why I love her. I'd rather be with her in a limited capacity than none at all.† Goosebumps rose on the back of my neck. He'd just stated a variant of what Seth used to tell me all the time, back when I would continually urge him to leave me and find someone else. I'd accepted his choice by now and honestly couldn't imagine not having him in my life. But still. Sometimes I didn't entirely get how he could be okay with everything between us; hearing another person support such a choice was refreshing. As though reading my mind, Vincent gently asked, â€Å"Am I hitting too close to home? Carter mentioned a boyfriend†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No. Yes. I don't know. He – Seth, my boyfriend – says the same thing as you. That if it can't be any other way†¦well, then this is the way he wants it.† â€Å"Exactly. And thus, life goes on.† Vincent started gathering up the newspapers. â€Å"I tell you though, I think your side and hers are both so fucked up, it's not even funny. Why the rules? Why does a succubus always have to take away someone's life when she's with them? Why can't you have the choice? And why can't Yasmine make love? Why can't she be in love?† Good question. I don't think Vincent really expected an answer, but I had to give one anyway. â€Å"Because that's the way it is. The way the system works. The way it's always worked.† â€Å"The system is fucked-up,† he said. I thought about it and nodded. â€Å"No arguments.† Smiling, he reached for his coat and slipped it on. â€Å"You're okay for a succubus.† Vincent left, off to do whatever it was one did with a posse of angels. I almost envied him because I had something to do that I wasn't looking forward to at all. It was another necessary evil. I had to get Tawny a job. After that debacle of a dance lesson, I'd told her I'd help. I might not be able to do much about my mysterious energy loss or angelic romances, but I sure as hell could do something to expedite Niphon's departure. I drove down to Seatac, a city that owes its entire existence to the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. It's more of a shadow, really, spreading around the airport in a blanket of long-term parking lots and cheap hotels. It also has a couple of strip clubs because really, what else are out-of-town businessmen supposed to do in their downtime? It was late afternoon, so business was slow when I stepped inside Low Blow. A few bored-looking men sat scattered throughout the place, which was dingy and in need of some serious redecorating. Or, well, any decorating. A couple of the guys glanced up with interest as I walked through. Apparently, I held more appeal than the poor brunette trying her damnedest to fuck a pole in time to the dulcet sounds of Pink Floyd's â€Å"Young Lust.† I opened my mouth to speak to the bartender, but a voice behind me interrupted. â€Å"Ho†¦ly†¦shit. I don't believe it. I don't fucking believe it.† I turned and looked into the long, narrow face of Simon Chesterfield, the proud proprietor of this dive. Between his face and lanky body, he always reminded me of a weasel. His black mustache never quite seemed able to grow in completely, and he dressed in brand name clothes that were always one size too small. He was chummy with the local Hellish players, and rumor had it he was in line to be an imp, eventually selling his soul for immortality and the chance to be a diabolical salesman. â€Å"You finally come to dance for me, doll?† â€Å"You wish.† For a sleazy guy who ran a sleazy establishment, Simon actually had a legitimate appreciation for dance. I'd once seen him trying to choreograph his strippers and had been impressed by his sense of aesthetics and rhythm. His employees hadn't really caught on. Such talents were kind of wasted here, and I used to wonder why he didn't take his business to one of the more affluent suburbs where he could get a higher caliber of dancers. The reason he stayed, I'd later learned, was that this was a better venue for all sorts of other shady business he conducted. Still, Simon had a sharp eye and knew what a good dancer I was. He'd been on me for years to come work for him. â€Å"We need to talk,† I explained. â€Å"Business.† â€Å"It's what I do.† With a sweeping gesture, he pointed to a doorway beside the bar. â€Å"Let's go to my office then.† His ‘office' was barely a broom closet, but it had a stool for me to sit on. Resting my heels on a mid-level bar, I brought my knees up to my chest. It made my gray linen skirt slide up a bit. Simon watched with an interest that was more professional than personal. â€Å"Fuck, woman. You come dance for me, and I could make a killing.† He shook his head and collapsed into a rolling faux leather chair. â€Å"A succubus on my stage. Fuck.† I tilted my head to the side. â€Å"It's funny you mention that because that's kind of why I'm here.† I think my innocent tone set his alarms off. He eyed me suspiciously. â€Å"I thought you said you didn't want a job.† â€Å"Not me. We just got a new succubus, and she's looking for a gig. Didn't you hear?† â€Å"No†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He frowned. â€Å"And she wants to dance? Here?† â€Å"Yep,† I said glibly. â€Å"She can't wait to take her clothes off.† Wasn't that the truth. Simon leaned back in the chair and put his feet on the desk. Casual pose or not, he was still on guard. â€Å"What's the catch?† â€Å"Why does there have to be a catch? You should be excited about this. We're doing you a favor.† â€Å"You're offering to drop a succubus into my lap. That sounds too good to be true, so it is too good to be true.† He paused, still thinking. â€Å"And why are you here instead of her?† â€Å"I'm altruistic.† â€Å"Georgina,† he said warningly. â€Å"Okay,† I admitted. â€Å"She's kind of†¦new.† â€Å"How new?† â€Å"Really new. Still under warranty.† â€Å"There's still a catch here somewhere.† â€Å"Well†¦she's†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I spun through my mental rolodex of adjectives. â€Å"Inept.† He raised one narrow eyebrow. â€Å"Inept?† â€Å"She's still learning how to get men.† Since Simon probably wanted sexy women working for him, I figured it wasn't worth mentioning that Tawny wasn't so much learning as she was still trying to find her way to class. â€Å"And she's a, um, bad dancer.† â€Å"How bad?† â€Å"Bad.† â€Å"Can you be a little more specific on what level of bad we're dealing with?† â€Å"Remember Gigli?† â€Å"Jesus. So, why do you think I'd want to take on a shitty dancer?† â€Å"Simon,† I exclaimed. â€Å"All your dancers are shitty.† â€Å"Not all of them,† he said. â€Å"And it's not like I'm trying to get more. We have standards.† I gave him a pointed look. â€Å"Alright, alright.† He ran a hand through his gelled black hair. â€Å"What do I get in return?† Now I was the indignant one. â€Å"What do you mean? You're getting a succubus dancer. What else do you need?† â€Å"I'm getting a succubus charity case. I'm the one doing you a favor.† His eyes were shrewd. Yeah. He'd make a good imp someday. He was this close to breaking out a contract. â€Å"I want you. Dance for me two nights this week.† â€Å"No.† â€Å"One night.† â€Å"Simon, there is nothing in this world that's going to get me to dance here, not even a succubus charity case. Pick something else.† â€Å"Okay, fine.† He pondered. â€Å"You. I want you.† â€Å"Hey, I just told you – â€Å" â€Å"No, no. Not as a dancer. As in right now. On the desk.† I sighed. That kind of want. â€Å"Look, if I've gotta hire a bad succubus, I might as well fuck a good one.† â€Å"Interesting logic. Aren't you worried about your soul?† He looked at me like he couldn't believe I'd had the audacity to ask such a thing. It was similar to the look I'd given him when he said Low Blow had standards. â€Å"Noted.† I stood up. â€Å"But not this body. Pick another shape.† Simon snorted. â€Å"You think I'm interested in a pinup girl crossed with an Ann Taylor model? Fuck that. I want a sixteen-year-old version of Liza Minnelli. In a school girl's uniform.† I stared. â€Å"I have no idea what that would look like.† He started undoing his pants. â€Å"You're a smart girl. Figure it out.† Sighing again, I shape-shifted, taking on a small body with a black pixie haircut. Baby smooth skin. Green plaid skirt with matching vest. Simon grunted his approval. Turning, I rested my hands on the desk and bent over, thrusting my ass out toward him. I hoped it would be over soon. If I could just get the weasel comparison out of my head, this would probably be a lot easier. I felt his hands slide along my legs as he pushed the skirt up. Suddenly, he froze. â€Å"A thong? Are you insane, woman?† â€Å"You're a sick bastard,† I told him. The thong changed to white cotton panties. â€Å"Don't I know it.† He pushed the panties down and thrust forward. Well, I guess it was a thrust. Simon wasn't that well-endowed. I was on the verge of saying something like, â€Å"Are you there yet?† Alas, the Tawny situation was too dire. I couldn't risk Simon changing his mind about her for the sake of a joke, no matter how funny. But, whatever Simon lacked in size, he made up for in enthusiasm. He gripped my hips, nails digging into my bare flesh as he pounded away. I had to keep a fierce hold on the desk. Eventually, seeking variety, Simon flipped me over to my back. He unfastened my blouse and bra, exposing small, perky breasts that had just â€Å"blossomed into womanhood.† Eyes on them and not my face, he grabbed my legs and spread them so that my ankles practically rested on his shoulders. He returned to the task at hand, and when he finally came, I have to admit I welcomed the energy burst. It wasn't a lot – the guy practically worked for Hell already – but I needed it. Simon pulled out of me, and I sat up, mildly sated from an energy standpoint, if not a physical one. I honestly hadn't done much but lie there the whole time, but he regarded me as though we'd just gone through the entire Kama Sutra. â€Å"Definitely worth putting up with an inept succubus,† he said happily, pulling his pants back up. I wanted to say that he might want to withhold judgment until he actually met Tawny, but instead, I just smiled. I knew when to keep my control switch on.

An Adventure in Space Summary 2

The mission was carried out successfully and I was on my way back to earth with my friends. Suddenly, an unidentified flying object appeared and it somehow forced our spacecraft to land on another planet. On the planet, a very strange looking creature met us. This creature took my crew and me to see its master. I saw another alien sitting on a very high throne. That must be their master. It wore a crown and looked like all the strange looking creatures in the room but its head was very much bigger. All the aliens had four eyes, two heads and six legs. They had a white body and no hair. The strange unknown planet looked like a prison, no worst †¦ a dungeon. There was a very high wall all around the planet. It had many buildings and everywhere you went, you could hear the wailing sounds coming from small cells. We were scared but they gave us some food, which smelt like rotten fish. The smell was so strong that we had to hold our breath in order not to faint. No one dared to touch the food. The next day, we were given a long list of things to do but they were in a language that we could not understand at all. They whipped us and put us in a small cell. After that, they conducted experiments on us. A few of us died but the rest of us who survived were put back into the cell. One day, the aliens who brought us to our cell forgot to lock the door so we escaped through the door. Soon we boarded our own spaceship and flew back to earth. We had a horrifying experience but no one believed us! After this, I never dared to go into space ever again.

Segmentation of Music Industry

Music industry Segmentaion When attempting to segment a particular consumer base or population by personality or motivation, one must consider what personality traits the consumers posses. Of course there are serveral ways to group together personalities ex (fashionable, innovative, extroverted, etc). I have chosen to use Karen Horney’s theory of three personality groups for segmentation of the music consumer market. Karen Horney states that people can be grouped into three personalities; compliance, aggression and withdrawl.Since music consumers can be an almost entire population, it would be a good idea to segment this population into three broad groups. The first personality group, compliance, is can be defined as people who move toward others. This group has a need for affection and approval and a need to be liked by others. The complaint personality consumer would tend to veer toward popular current music or popular music within a certain genre. This is the consumer who w ould be listening to Justin Timberlake and Lady GaGa when they are at their peak.They would be drawn toward the â€Å"summer hits†, toward the songs that are played at clubs and they dance to with their friends. In terms of music consumers, they might be seen as between the ages of 10-40, and this is a very big market withing the music consumer industry. The second personality group, aggression, are considered those who go ahaist toher. This group has a need for power and for control over others. They have the need to be heard by others and fear of seeming stupid. This personality group would be the ones who view themselves as against the popular music, against very popular groups and singers.Maybe they would chose music with a bit more of an edge, harder rock, rap and hip hop music. Finally, the third personality group is knows as detached, and they move away from others. Consumers in this group have a need for self-sufficiency and independence and do not need to rely on any one. These are the consumers of many independent bands and singers, who see themselves as going against the grain and against society. Once the consumer base has been segmented into personality groups, it is easier to target each of these groups. Many artists and bands can be advertised in such a way that they can appeal to each of these groups.On the retail level, where consumers are in direct contact with the music industry, there are so many opportunities for consumption, ranging from digital/physical music and concert tickets to festival passes, ringtones, merchandise, clothing lines, band donations and nonprofit initiatives. For instance, when targeting the compliant personality consumer, would be easier to advertise towards since they are very conscious and respondent to others tastes. So, when promoting a new album of Adele toward this group, we would be very insistent with her new songs in all settings.Her songs would be played on all major radio stations, promoted in clubs and bars, and also promoted within social networking which has now become an extrememly important word-of-mouth marketing technique. Now, while reaching out to the detached personality consumer, we would use a different marketing approach. Since these consumers are the ones who are geared more toward indepndent music and anything that is specifically not main stream, there needs to be a careful marketing approach done so that they are unaware they are being advertised too. One idea could be promoting smaller, more intimate shows at local record stores.Also, encouraging these fans to support their local record stores instead of retail chains like Wal-Mart and Best Buy. Since music sales have shifted toward digital downloading mediums, they could reach this consuemer base throught there as well. Another possible tactic could be to create album covers that visual appeal to this consumer base, maybe a loan aritist or a band in darker shades or seperated from society somehow, to appeal d irectiy to this personality base. Finally, the third peronality consumer group is that of aggression. A more tactful approach must be taken when advertising to this market segment.